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Gondwanan lineages are a prominent component of the Australian terrestrial biota. However, most squamate (lizard and snake) lineages in Australia appear to be derived from relatively recent dispersal from Asia (< 30 Ma) and in situ diversification, subsequent to the isolation of Australia from other Gondwanan landmasses. We test the hypothesis that the Australian radiation of diplodactyloid geckos (families Carphodactylidae, Diplodactylidae and Pygopodidae), in contrast to other endemic squamate groups, has a Gondwanan origin and comprises multiple lineages that originated before the separation of Australia from Antarctica. Australasia. Bayesian ( beast) and penalized likelihood rate smoothing (PLRS) ( r8 s) molecular dating methods and two long nuclear DNA sequences (RAG-1 and c-mos) were used to estimate a timeframe for divergence events among 18 genera and 30 species of Australian diplodactyloids. At least five lineages of Australian diplodactyloid geckos are estimated to have originated > 34 Ma (pre-Oligoce...
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Gondwanan lineages are a prominent component of the Australian terrestrial biota. However, most squamate (lizard and snake) lineages in Australia appear to be derived from relatively recent dispersal from Asia (< 30 Ma) and in situ diversification, subsequent to the isolation of Australia from other Gondwanan landmasses. We test the hypothesis that the Australian radiation of diplodactyloid geckos (families Carphodactylidae, Diplodactylidae and Pygopodidae), in contrast to other endemic squamate groups, has a Gondwanan origin and comprises multiple lineages that originated before the separation of Australia from Antarctica. Australasia. Bayesian ( beast) and penalized likelihood rate smoothing (PLRS) ( r8 s) molecular dating methods and two long nuclear DNA sequences (RAG-1 and c-mos) were used to estimate a timeframe for divergence events among 18 genera and 30 species of Australian diplodactyloids. At least five lineages of Australian diplodactyloid geckos are estimated to have originated > 34 Ma (pre-Oligocene) and basal splits among the Australian diplodactyloids occurred c. 70 Ma. However, most extant generic and intergeneric diversity within diplodactyloid lineages appears to post-date the late Oligocene (< 30 Ma). Basal divergences within the diplodactyloids significantly pre-date the final break-up of East Gondwana, indicating that the group is one of the most ancient extant endemic vertebrate radiations east of Wallace's Line. At least five Australian lineages of diplodactyloid gecko are each as old or older than other well-dated Australian squamate radiations (e.g. elapid snakes and agamids). The limbless Pygopodidae (morphologically the most aberrant living geckos) appears to have radiated before Australia was occupied by potential ecological analogues. However, in spite of the great age of the diplodactyloid radiation, most extant diversity appears to be of relatively recent origin, a pattern that is shared with other Australian squamate lineages.
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Phoma koolunga, Didymella pinodes, and P. medicaginis var. pinodella were detected in DNA extracted from soil following field pea crops across four states in the southeastern and western regions of Australia. P koolunga was common...
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Phoma koolunga, Didymella pinodes, and P. medicaginis var. pinodella were detected in DNA extracted from soil following field pea crops across four states in the southeastern and western regions of Australia. P koolunga was commonly detected in soil from South Australia but rarely in other states whereas D. pinodes plus P medicaginis var. pinodella were widespread in all regions tested. The quantity of DNA of these pathogens detected in soils prior to growing field pea was positively correlated with ascochyta blight lesions on field pea subsequently grown in infested soil in a pot bioassay and also on field pea in naturally infected field trials. The quantity of DNA of the soilborne pathogens was greatest following a field pea crop and gradually decreased in the following 3 years. The DNA tests were used to quantify the DNA of the pathogens in field pea plants sampled from naturally infected field trials in South Australia over two seasons. The combined results of DNA tests and pathogen isolation from the plants indicated that P koolunga and D. pinodes were equally responsible for the ascochyta blight symptoms in the diseased trials, while P medicaginis var. pinodella had a minor role in the disease complex.
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The genus Menippus is revised for Australia, with six species, three of which are new: M. cynicus Clark, M. darcyisp. nov., M. ewanisp. nov., M. fugitivus (Lea), M. sufisp. nov. and M. yulensis (Jacoby) comb. nov. (from Diorhabda ...
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The genus Menippus is revised for Australia, with six species, three of which are new: M. cynicus Clark, M. darcyisp. nov., M. ewanisp. nov., M. fugitivus (Lea), M. sufisp. nov. and M. yulensis (Jacoby) comb. nov. (from Diorhabda Weise). Menippus yulensis was described from New Guinea. This species and M. darcyi were formerly confused in Australia with M. fugitivus, which is now considered endemic to Lord Howe Island. The species formerly considered M. fugitivus and protected under the Threatened Species Conservation Act, New South Wales, is now named M. darcyi. A key is provided for the Australian species of Menippus and a lectotype designated for M. yulensis. The composition of Menippus is discussed and three non-Australian species are transferred to this genus: M. inconspicua (Jacoby) comb. nov. (from Diorhabda Weise); M. laterimaculata (Jacoby) comb. nov.; and M. marginipennis (Jacoby) comb. nov. (from Galerucella Crotch). A revised checklist of Menippus species is given. The recorded foodplants of Menippus are species of Celtis (Ulmaceae).
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The second in this series of clinical reviews on neurological diseases in ruminant livestock in Australia examines toxic disorders associated with plant and microbial toxins as well as the neurological effects of vitamin and miner...
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The second in this series of clinical reviews on neurological diseases in ruminant livestock in Australia examines toxic disorders associated with plant and microbial toxins as well as the neurological effects of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. The aim of these reviews is to assist in the surveillance of neurological diseases, especially the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
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Armillaria root disease of trees has been seriously studied since 1874 (Hartig 1874). Although many specimen collections were deposited in herbaria and several species names applied, these were largely ignored, and for a long time...
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Armillaria root disease of trees has been seriously studied since 1874 (Hartig 1874). Although many specimen collections were deposited in herbaria and several species names applied, these were largely ignored, and for a long time, A. mellea (Vahl:Fr) Kummer (sensu lato) was used. When it was demonstrated that this species was a complex of several genetically isolated groups, the biological species concept was created (Korhonen 1978). Because each group also had unique morphological features, there was an opportunity to describe and name new species or ?nd valid names already published, but previously ignored. One of the most important of these Armillaria species is a highly virulent pathogen of northern hemisphere trees, particularly conifers (Kile et al. 1991). There were several possible species names already available for this taxon, including A. polymyces (Secr.) Sing. & Clem. A. obscura Schaef.:Fr. and A. montagnei var. umbrinolutea Sing. (Watling et al.1991). However, they were rejected for various reasons (Volk and Burdsall 1995), and a new name was created – A. ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink (Romagnesi 1970; Herink 1973). This name has been in common use since the 1970s.
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During the 2007 equine influenza (EI) outbreak in Australia, diagnostic laboratories and the use of appropriate tests played a pivotal role in the response to the crisis. This role began with the detection of EI virus in New South...
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During the 2007 equine influenza (EI) outbreak in Australia, diagnostic laboratories and the use of appropriate tests played a pivotal role in the response to the crisis. This role began with the detection of EI virus in New South Wales (NSW) on the evening of 24 August 2007 and culminated in providing the final 'proof of freedom' from EI in March 2008. The tests that were used during the EI response were able to provide results quickly, and with high sensitivity and specificity. This section of the supplement describes the roles and functions of the Australian laboratories; tests used and their performance characteristics; improvements made and methods used to validate assays; strategies that were followed during the response; the characterisation of viruses detected; and the resources that were available to laboratories.
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The black fungus gnats Bradysia similigibbosa sp. n. and B. irwini sp. n. are described and new records of species of Bra-dysia Winnertz, Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, Epidapus Haliday, Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig, and Scatopsciara Edwards are presented for New Caledonia. A checklist of the sciarids of New Caledonia is given.New Caledonian black fungus gnats (Sciaridae) have been neglected in the past, although a rich fauna would be expected. The isolated island has this in common with many other regions of the Southwest Pacific. For example Bickel (2009) notes that in Australia sciarids are "the dominant taxon at most sites for all seasons". Nevertheless, in the last hundred years no modern taxonomic studies have been made on the Australian black fungus gnats. Thus Bickel (2009) considers them an orphan taxon. Fortunately,the sciarid flies of New Caledonia were recently studied for the first time. Vilkamaa, Hippa and Mohrig (2011, 2012 a, b, c, d) have described 43 new species of Bradysia Winnertz, Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, Keilbachia Mohrig, Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig and Scatopsciara Edwards in the last two years. Using their keys we were able to revise material from New Caledonia deposited in the collections of: the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI), Muncheberg (Germany); the Museum National d'Hi...
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The black fungus gnats Bradysia similigibbosa sp. n. and B. irwini sp. n. are described and new records of species of Bra-dysia Winnertz, Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, Epidapus Haliday, Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig, and Scatopsciara Edwards are presented for New Caledonia. A checklist of the sciarids of New Caledonia is given.New Caledonian black fungus gnats (Sciaridae) have been neglected in the past, although a rich fauna would be expected. The isolated island has this in common with many other regions of the Southwest Pacific. For example Bickel (2009) notes that in Australia sciarids are "the dominant taxon at most sites for all seasons". Nevertheless, in the last hundred years no modern taxonomic studies have been made on the Australian black fungus gnats. Thus Bickel (2009) considers them an orphan taxon. Fortunately,the sciarid flies of New Caledonia were recently studied for the first time. Vilkamaa, Hippa and Mohrig (2011, 2012 a, b, c, d) have described 43 new species of Bradysia Winnertz, Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, Keilbachia Mohrig, Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig and Scatopsciara Edwards in the last two years. Using their keys we were able to revise material from New Caledonia deposited in the collections of: the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI), Muncheberg (Germany); the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris (France); and the California State Collection of Arthropods (CSCA), Sacramento, California (USA).
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Caledophora gen. nov. is described based on two new species from New Caledonia, Caledophora irwini sp.nov. and Caledophora webbi sp.nov. This genus is similar to some genera from New Zealand, but can be differentiated from them by...
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Caledophora gen. nov. is described based on two new species from New Caledonia, Caledophora irwini sp.nov. and Caledophora webbi sp.nov. This genus is similar to some genera from New Zealand, but can be differentiated from them by the combination of hypopygium not being expanded dorsoventrally, frons setation 4-4-4, light body colour and wing without vein R2+3. Its phylogenetic position is inferred to be within the Bothroprosopa-group of genera.
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The following species of the genus Epidapus Haliday, 1851 are recognized from New Caledonia: Epidapus (s. str.) aciculatus sp. n., E. (Pseudoaptanogyna) angulatus sp. n., E. (s. str.) formosus sp. n., E. (Zuhalia) primus Mohrig, 2...
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The following species of the genus Epidapus Haliday, 1851 are recognized from New Caledonia: Epidapus (s. str.) aciculatus sp. n., E. (Pseudoaptanogyna) angulatus sp. n., E. (s. str.) formosus sp. n., E. (Zuhalia) primus Mohrig, 2004 and E. (s. str.) triquetrus sp. n. The new species are described, and a key to the local species is given.
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The genus Sciara Meigen includes two species in New Caledonia, both newly described: Sciara insulana sp. n. and S. turgidula sp. n. The species are diagnosed and figured.
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